Whatever the causes of ageing, and their inter-connection with one another, dietary restriction seems to have the ability to improve protective mechanisms, to enhance protein synthesis and DNA (and other) self-repair mechanisms, to encourage a more efficient use of energy and to improve both hormonal and immune functions.

Whether it is the cells or the environment which produce ageing, life extension is possible via this simple technique, either by making the cells more efficient or by improving our ability to deal with the environment. Infinite life extension is clearly impossible, but the achievement of what is possible is easier via dietary restriction.

Are there other ways? Some people think so, and I now explain some of these.