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 The Effect of Intestinal Microbes on Systemic Immunity  
 
The following is one in an ongoing series of columns entitled Dr. Galland's Integrated Medicine by . View all columns in series

Roberts, S. H., James, 0. and Jarvis, E. H. (1977) Bacterial overgrowth syndrome without 'blind loop', a cause for malnutrition in the elderly. Lancet, 2, 1193-1195.

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Rogers, A. (1979) Giardia and steatorrhea. Gastroenterology, 76, 224-227.

Rolsten, V. I., Hoy, J. and Mansell, P. W. A. (1986) Diarrhea caused by nonpathogenic amoebae in patients with AIDS. New England Journal of Medicine, 315, 192.

Rosedale, N. and Browne, M. B. (1979) Hyposensitisation in the management of recurring vaginal candidiasis. Annals of Allergy, 43, 250-253.

Rosenberg, E. and Belew, P. (1982a) Microbial factors in psoriasis. Archives of Dermatology, 118, 143-144.

Rosenberg, E. W. and Belew, P. W. (1982b) Improvement of psoriasis of the scalp with ketaconazole. Archives of Dermatology, 118, 370-371.

Rosenberg, E. W., Spitzer, R. E., Marley, W. M. and Belew, P. W. (1982) Inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and complement. New England Journal of Medicine, 307, 685-686.

Rosenberg, E. W., Belew, P. W., Skinner, R. B. Jr and Crutcher, N. (1983) Crohn's disease and psoriasis. New England Journal of Medicine, 308, 101.

Rosenthal, P. and Liebman, W. M. (1980) Comparative study of stool examinations, duodenal aspiration, and pediatric Entero-Test for giardiasis in children. Journal of Pediatrics, 96, 278-279.

Rowland, I. R., Robinson, R. D. and Doherty, R. A. (1984) Effects of diet on mercury metabolism and excretion in mice given methylmercury: Role of gut flora. Archives of Environmental Health, 39, 401-408.

Salata, R. A. and Ravdin, J. I. (1985) N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica 11. Mitogenic activity for human lymphocytes. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 151, 816-822.

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Savage, D. C. (1980) Colonization by and survival of pathogenic bacteria on intestinal mucosal surfaces. In G. Britton and K. Marshall (eds) Adsorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces, pp. 175-206. Wiley, New York.

Schinfeld, J. S. (1987) PMS and candidiasis: study explores possible link. The Female Patient, 12, 66-74.

Schutt, C., Koop, J., Volk, D. H., Jahn, S. and Potzsch, S. (1987a) Effects of ketaconazole on the immune svstem 11. Mechanism of action. Mycoses, 30, 559-573.

Schutt, C., Werner, H., Goan, S. R., Erdmann, D., Potzsch, M., Claus, R., Schulze, H. A. and Kaben, V. (1987b) Effects of Ketaconazole on the immune system I. In-vitro effects on lymphocyte functions. Mycoses, 30, 412-418.

Schutt, C., Westphal, H. J., Kaben, V., Goan, S. R. Holzheidt, G., Nausch, M. and

Schulze, H. A. (1988) Effects of ketaconazole on the immune system III. In vitro drug testing and follow-up studies in chronic dermatophytoses. Mycoses, 31, 52-58.

Sclafer, J. (1951) Brulures gastriques par allergie mycosique. In Proceedings of First International Congress for Allergy, pp. 961-964. Karger, Basel.

Sclafer, J. (1957) L'allergie a Candida albicans. La Semaine Hopitaux de Paris, 33, 1-10.

Sears, H. J., Brownlee, J. and Uchiyama, J. M. (1950) Persistence of individual strains of Escherichia coli in the intestinal tract of man. Journal of Bacteriology, 59, 293-297.

Sears, H. J., Janes, H., Saloum, R., Brownlee, 1. and Lamoureaux, L. F. (1956) Persistence of strains of Escherichia coli in man and dogs under various conditions. Journal of Bacteriology, 71, 370-375.

Seelig, M. S. (1966) Mechanisms by which antibiotics increase the incidence and severity of candidiasis and alter the immunological defenses. Bacteriological Reviews, 30, 442-459.

Shaw, R. A. and Stevens, M. B. (1987) The reactive arthritis of giardiasis. A case report. Journal of the American Medical Association, 258, 2734-2735.

Sherman, P. and Liebman, W. L. (1980) Apparent protein-losing enteropathy associated with giardiasis. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 134, 893-894.

Singh, 1. P., Das, S. K., Sharma, P., Dutta, G. P. and Agarwal, S. S. (1985) Antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Tropical Gastroenterology, 6, 141-144.

Smith, P. D., Gillin, F. D., Spira, W. M. and Nash, T. E. (1982) Chronic giardiasis: Studies on drug sensitivity, toxin production, and host immune response. Gastroenterology, 83, 797-803.

Solomons, N. W. (1982) Giardiasis: nutritional implications. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 4, 859-869.

Sprunt, K. and Redman, W. (1968) Evidence suggesting importance of role of interbacterial inhibition in maintaining balance of normal flora. Annals of Internal Medicine, 68, 579-590.

Stevens, D. P. (1985) Selective primary health care: strategies for control of disease in the developing world, XIX Giardiasis. Reviews of Infectious Disease, 7, 530-535.

Stokes, C. R. (1984) Induction and control of intestinal immune response. In T. J. Newby and C. R. Stokes (eds) Local Immune Responses of the Gut, pp. 97-142. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Sullam, P. M. (1987) Entamoeba histolytica in homosexual men. New England Journal of Medicine, 316, 690.

Sullam, P. M., Slutkin, G., Gottlieb, A. B. and Mills, J. (1986) Paromomycin therapy of endemic emebiasis in homosexual men. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 13,151-155.

Svec, P. (1974) On the mechanism of action of glycoprotein from Candida albicans. Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, 18, 373-376.

Tajima, K., Tominaga, S., Shimizu, H. and Suchi, T. (1981) A hypothesis on the etiology of adult T-cell leukemia/ lymphoma. Gann, 72,684-691.

Tandon, B. M., Tandon, R. K. and Satpathy, B. K. (1977) A study of bacterial flora and bile salt deconjugation in upper jejunum. Gut, 18,176-181.

Targan, R. S., Kagnoff, F. M., Brogan, M. D. and Shanahan, F. (1987) Immunologic mechanisms in intestinal disease. Annals of Internal Medicine, 106, 854-870.

Tompkins, A. M., Wright, S. G., Draser, B. S. and James, W. P. T. (1978) Bacterial colonization of jejunal mucosa in giardiasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 72, 33-36.

Tomsikova, A., Tomaierova, V., Kotal, L. and Novackova, D. (1977) An immunologic study of vaginal candidiasis. Infections and Immunity, 18, 398-403.

Truss, C. O. (1978) Tissue injury induced by Candida albicans: Mental and neurologic manifestations. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry, 7, 17-36.

Truss, C. O. (1980a) Restoration of immunologic competence to Candida albicans. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry, 9, 1-15.

Truss, C. O. (1980b) Restoration of immunologic competence to Candida albicans. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry, 9, 287-301.

Truss, C. O. (1981) The role of Candida albicans in human illness. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry, 10, 228-238.

Truss, C. O. (1982) The Missing Diagnosis. Truss, Birmingham, Alabama.

Truss, C. O. (1984) Metabolic abnormalities in patients with chronic candidiasis: The acetaldehyde hypothesis. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry, 13, 66-93.

Turner, W. J. (1985) Is remote disease associated with Candida infection a tomato? Journal of the American Medical Association, 254, 2891.

Valdimarsson, H., Higs, J., Wells, R. S., Yamamura, M., Hobbs, J. R. and Holt, P. J. L. (1973) Immune abnormalities associated with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Cellular Immunology, 6, 348-361.

Vinayak, V. K., Kij, K., Venkateswarlu, K., Khanna, R. and Mehta, S. (1987) Hypogarnmaglobulinaernia in children with persistent giardiasis. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 33, 140-142.

Virk, K. J., Mahajan, R. C., Dilawari, J. B. and Ganguly, N. K. (1988) Role of betaglucuroniclase, a lysosomal enzyme, in the pathogenesis of intestinal amoebiasis: an experimental study. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 82, 422-425.

Walsh, J. A. (1 986a) Amebiasis in the world. Archivos de Investigacion Medica, 17, 385-389.

Walsh, J. A. (1986b) Problems in recognition and diagnosis of amebiasis: estimation of the global magnitude of morbidity and mortality. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 8, 228-238.

Wannemuehler, M. J., Kicyone, H., Babb, J. L., Michalek, S. M. and McGhee, J. R. (1982) Lipopolysaccharicle (LPS) regulation of the immune response: LPS converts germ-free mice to sensitivity to oral tolerance induction. Journal of Immunology, 129, 959-964.

Webster, B. H. (1958) Human infection with Giardia lamblia. American Journal of Digestive Diseases, 3, 64-71.

Weinbach, E. C., Costa, J. L. and Wieder, S. C. (1985) Antidepressant drugs suppress growth of the human pathogenic protozoan Giardia lamblia. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology, 47,145-148.

Weisman, B. L. (1979) Urticaria and Giardia lamblia infections. Annals of Allergy, 49,91.

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Wilhelm, R. E. (1958) Urticaria associated with giardiasis lamblia. Journal of Allergy, 28, 351-353.

Witkin, S. S. (1987) Immunology of recurrent vaginitis. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 15, 34-37.

Witkin, S. S., Hirsch, J. and Ledger, W. J. (1986) A macrophage defect in women with recurrent Candida vaginitis and its reversal in vitro by prostaglandin inhibitors. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 155, 790-795.

Witkin, S. S., Jeremias, J. and Ledger, W. J. (1988) A localized vaginal allergic response in women with recurrent vaginitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 81, 412-416.

Witkin, S. S., Roth, D. M. and Ledger, W. J. (1989) Papillornavirus infection and an allergic response to Candida in women with recurrent vaginitis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 1584.

Wittner, M. and Rosenbaum, R. M. (1970) Role of bacteria in modifying virulence of E. histolytica. Studies of amoebae from axenic cultures. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 19, 755-761.

Wojdani, A. and Ghoneum, M. (1987) In vivo augmentation of natural killer cell activity by Candida albicans. International Journal of Immunopharmacology, 9,827-832.

Woo, P. and Panayi, G. S. (1984) Reactive arthritis due to infestation with Giardia lamblia. Journal of Rheumatology, 11, 719.

Wuepper, K. D. and Fudenberg, H. H. (1967) Moniliasis, 'autoimmune' polyendocrinopathy, an immunologic family study. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 2, 71.

Yardley, J.H., Takano, J. and Hendrix, T. R. (1965) Epithelial and other mucosal lesions of the jejunum in giardiasis. Jejunal biopsy studies. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 115, 389-395.

Yousef, G. E., Mann, G. F., Smith, D. G., Bell, E. J., Murugesan, V. and McCartney, R. A. M. (1988) Chronic Enterovirus infection in patients with postviral fatigue syndrome. Lancet, 2, 146-148.

Yu, D. T. Y. (1988) Experimental studies of infectious agents in reactive arthritis. In L. Espinoza, D. Goldenburg, F. Arnett and G. Alarcon (eds) Infections in the Rheumatic Disease, pp. 287-302. Grune and Stratton, Orlando.

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 About The Author
Leo Galland, M.D. has received international recognition as a leader in the field of Nutritional Medicine for the past 20 years. A board-certified internist, Dr. Galland is a Fellow of the......moreLeo Galland MD, FACN
 
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