"Brain imaging technology offers unique insight into the biological mechanisms involved in decision-making, which is invaluable in developing tailored treatment strategies for addiction and drug abuse," says NIH Director Dr. Elias Zerhouni.

"There is substantial evidence that drug abusers place more value on short-term, rather than long-term outcomes," says NIDA Director Dr. Nora D. Volkow. "Past investigations that have looked at how drug abusers make choices have used positive rewards. But this study looked at how people made choices when faced with unpleasant stimuli."

In the study, Dr. Gregory Berns of Emory University School of Medicine and his colleagues used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to create images of brain activity in 32 nondrug-abusing participants awaiting brief electrical shocks to their feet. By charting which regions experience increased blood flow over time, fMRI helps scientists understand the relationship between particular types of mental activity and specific areas of the brain.

They observed that activity patterns associated with the dread of waiting involved areas of the brain that govern human pain perception. Specifically, the responses were seen in brain areas that appear to be ruled by attention more than regions associated with fear.

The scientists determined each participant's maximal pain threshold and then presented them with a series of choices from 36 possibilities. For example, each person could elect to receive a shock that was 30 percent of their threshold in 27 seconds or one that was 60 percent in 9 seconds.

"We noted that normal, healthy subjects could be divided into two groups — extreme dreaders, who could not tolerate a delay and preferred an immediate (and stronger) painful stimulus; and mild dreaders, who could tolerate a delay for a milder shock," says Dr. Berns. "We saw that the extreme dreaders could be distinguished from the mild dreaders by virtue of the information captured on the brain scans. The findings suggest that dread derives, in part, from the attention devoted to the expected physical response and is not simply a fear or anxiety reaction."

"Continuing to use drugs despite the expectation of the practice's negative effects is a hallmark of addiction," says Dr. Volkow. "The results of this study form the foundation for future research to determine whether drug abusers exhibit disruption in the brain systems that process the anticipation of unpleasant consequences."

The National Institute on Drug Abuse is a component of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIDA supports most of the world's research on the health aspects of drug abuse and addiction. The Institute carries out a large variety of programs to ensure the rapid dissemination of research information and its implementation in policy and practice. Fact sheets on the health effects of drugs of abuse and information on NIDA research and other activities can be found on the NIDA home page at http://www.drugabuse.gov.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) — The Nation's Medical Research Agency — includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting basic, clinical and translational medical research, and it investigates the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases.